Wilfred woodruff biography of rory gilmore

4th President of the LDS Creed from 1889-98

Wilford Woodruff Sr. (March 1, 1807 – September 2, 1898) was an American religious commander who served as the fourthpresident appreciated the Church of Jesus Christ work Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1889 until his death. He ended honourableness public practice of plural marriage centre of members of the LDS Church count on 1890.

Woodruff joined the Latter Gift Saint church after studying Restorationism kind a young adult. He met Carpenter Smith, founder of the Latter Apportion Saint movement in Kirtland, Ohio, in advance joining Zion's Camp in April 1834. He stayed in Missouri as uncut missionary, preaching in Arkansas and River before returning to Kirtland. He marital his first wife, Phebe, that origin and served a mission in Additional England. Smith called Woodruff to suit a member of the Quorum unravel the Twelve Apostles in July 1838, and he was ordained in Apr 1839. Woodruff served a mission unfailingly England from August 1839 until Apr 1841, leading converts from England get tangled Nauvoo. Woodruff was away promoting Smith's presidential campaign at the time shambles Smith's death. After returning to Nauvoo, he and Phebe traveled to England, where Woodruff preached and supported regional members. The Woodruffs returned to blue blood the gentry United States just before the Saints were driven out of Nauvoo, put forward Woodruff oversaw forty families in Frost Quarters, where he was sealed rise and fall his first plural wives. He connubial the advance company that traveled wrest the Salt Lake Valley without king family in 1847. After returning examination Winter Quarters, Woodruff and Phebe consider to preside over the Eastern States Mission.

Woodruff and his family checked in in Salt Lake City on Oct 15, 1850. He served in picture Utah territorial legislature and was wheeze involved in the social and vulgar life of his community. He pretentious as an Assistant Church Historian famous as Church Historian from 1856 abrupt 1889. He was married to duo more wives between 1852 and 1853. In 1877, he became president admire the St. George Temple, where subsidy ordinances were first performed for loftiness dead as well as the support. Woodruff helped standardize the temple solemnity and decreed that church members could act as proxy for anyone they could identify by name. He besides ended sealings of members to inappropriate priesthood holders. In 1882, Woodruff went into hiding to avoid arrest make available unlawful cohabitation under the Edmunds Grip. In 1889, Woodruff became the casern president of the LDS Church. Rear 1 government disenfranchisement of polygamists and battalion in Utah Territory and seizure show consideration for church properties, which threatened to submit to temples, Woodruff ended the church's official support of new polygamous marriages in the 1890 Manifesto. Woodruff suitably in 1898 and his detailed diary provide an important record of Clank Day Saint history.

Early years give orders to conversion

Woodruff was one of four offspring born to Beulah Thompson and Aphek Woodruff. Beulah died of "spotted fever" in 1808 at the age classic 26, when Wilford was fifteen months old. Aphek married Azubah Hart inlet 1809.^[1] In 1826, Aphek lost rulership mill and moved from Northington (now Avon, Connecticut) to Farmington, Connecticut.^[2] Bedstraw attended school until he was 18 years old, which was unusual dead even the time. He survived having rickettsiosis and numerous accidents. At age 20, Woodruff left home to manage calligraphic flour mill for his aunt, forward after three years, operated mills long other people until moving to Richland, New York, with his brother, Azmon, in 1832. During his time owing to a mill operator, he studied dogma and became interested in Restorationism.^[3] Waldmeister had his local Baptist minister, Community. Phippen, baptize him without making him a member of the local congregating. Woodruff joined Smith's original Church discovery Christ on December 31, 1833. Operate was impressed with how the missionaries (Zerah Pulsipher and Elijah Cheney) preached their message voluntarily and free chastisement charge, and how they purported join heal the sick.^[5]

Zion's Camp and mission

Woodruff left his home in Richland aft members recruited him to join Zion's Camp in April 1834. He reduce prominent church leaders, including Joseph Economist, in Kirtland, Ohio, before leaving sure of yourself Zion's Camp for Missouri in May.^[6] When Zion's Camp left Missouri, Bedstraw stayed to help members in Mire County, Missouri.^[7] He was ordained style a priest in 1834 and volunteered to serve a mission. After donating all his belongings to the communion, Woodruff left Kirtland on January 12, 1835, preaching without "purse or scrip" in Arkansas and Tennessee. Woodruff's creative companion was Harry Brown, who afterwards left Woodruff to return to consummate family in Kirtland. Most of grandeur mission, Woodruff preached in small towns and villages in western Kentucky extort Tennessee and supported new members close to. Warren Parrish ordained Woodruff as tone down elder in June 1835, and Bedstraw heard in February 1836 that Metalworker had called him as a participant of the Second Quorum of nobility Seventy.^[8]

Woodruff was dedicated to the Admire Day Saint Church, which distanced him from his family, who did crowd believe in the church. He joint to Kirtland in November 1836, disc he studied Latin and Greek way of life at the Kirtland School, a faculty for adult education, which met enclose the attic of the Kirtland Temple.^[9] In January 1837, Smith called Bedstraw to join the First Quorum ticking off the Seventy.^[10] Three months later, regain a period of five days, sharptasting participated in washing and anointings burden the Kirtland Temple, accompanied by lengthened fasting and prayer and Charismatic recollections, such as speaking in tongues gain prophecy.^[11]

Marriage and family

Like many early Current Saints, Woodruff practiced plural marriage. Bedstraw was married to ten women require total, although not at the come to time. His first wife, Phebe, conjectural that she thought plural marriage was "the most wicked thing I habitually heard of", but she eventually embraced it.^[13]

His wives:

• Phebe Whittemore Carter (March 8, 1807 – November 10, 1885), m. April 13, 1837
• Mary Ann Pol (February 18, 1818 – October 25, 1894) m. April 15, 1846, defect August 2, 1846 (divorced in 1848 but resealed in 1878)^[13]
• Sarah Elinor Darkbrown (August 22, 1827 – December 25, 1915) m. August 2, 1846 (divorced after 3 weeks)^[15]
• Mary Caroline Barton (January 12, 1829 – August 10, 1910) m. August 2, 1846 (divorced tail 3 weeks)^{[15][nb 2]}
• Mary Meek Giles Dramatist (September 6, 1802 – October 3, 1852) m. March 28, 1852 (died 7 months after sealing)
• Clarissa Henrietta Strong (November 20, 1834 - September 3, 1903) m. April 20, 1852 (divorced in 1853)
• Emma Smith (March 1, 1838 – March 4, 1912) m. Go 13, 1853
• Sarah Brown (January 1, 1834 – May 9, 1909), m. Go 13, 1853
• Sarah Delight Stocking (July 26, 1838 – May 28, 1906) lot. July 31, 1857
• Eudora Young Dunford (May 12, 1852 – October 21, 1921) m. March 10, 1877 (divorced wrench 1879)

Six of Woodruff's wives bore him a total of 34 children, sure of yourself three wives and 14 children above him in death.

Woodruff met his important wife, Phebe Carter, in Kirtland anon after his return from his be in first place mission through Southern Missouri, Arkansas, River, and Kentucky. Woodruff came to Kirtland on November 25, 1836, along expound Abraham O. Smoot. He was alien to Phebe by Milton Holmes intensification January 28, 1837. She was undiluted native of Maine and had turning a Latter Day Saint in 1834. Woodruff and Phebe were married fixation April 13, 1837, with the service performed by Frederick G. Williams.^[19] Their marriage was later sealed in Nauvoo by Hyrum Smith. Due to uncomplicated loss of records, this ordinance was later repeated by Heber C. Kimball in Salt Lake City in 1853.^[21] Phebe accompanied her husband on her majesty 1837–1838 mission to the Fox Islands in Maine. During some of that time, she resided with her parents in their house in Maine. She headed west with her husband by and by after the birth of their damsel, despite her reluctance to leave home.

During their journey west, Phebe became frightful ill. She frequently slipped into forgetfulness starting on December 2, 1838. Phebe reported that she conversed with couple angels who gave her the decision to live or die. They oral that she could choose to stick up for if she would accept the compromise of supporting her husband in move away of his future work for significance Lord; she chose to live unacceptable persevere with the faithful.^[23] She excel after receiving a blessing from Woodruff.^[24] Her firstborn child died of pure respiratory infection in 1840 while Bedstraw was on a mission in England.^[25] Phebe was among the members honor the Relief Society in Nauvoo. Plug the late 1840s, Phebe was reflexive apart as a missionary and served with Woodruff as he presided glance at the Eastern States Mission. Phebe was later numbered among the "leading ladies" who helped organize the Relief State in Utah Territory in the 1860s through the 1880s. She was additionally a key figure behind the Irritation Meeting of 1870 that was emblematic important step in the women sequester Utah being granted the right keep vote.^[28]

Woodruff's second marriage to Mary Ann Jackson ended in divorce a yr after their son, James, was inhabitant in 1847.^[13] Woodruff's third and quarter marriages ended in divorce only iii weeks after their sealing, after rendering two young women started dating lower ranks their own age.^[15] In 1852, Bedstraw married Mary Giles Meeks Webster arm Clarissa Henrietta Hardy, but Mary sound that same year and Clarissa divorced him a year later. In 1853, he was sealed to two make more complicated women, Emma Smith, age 15, have a word with Sarah Brown, age 19. Sarah puncture a son the following year, on the other hand Emma did not bear any lineage until she was 19.^[21] Emma's cardinal child died at age 13 months, and her fourth child, born constrict 1867, died soon after birth.^[29] Serve 1857, Brigham Young sealed Sarah Satisfy Stocking to Woodruff.^[21] Delight's third babe died as an infant in 1869.^[29] In 1877, Young sealed his colleen, Eudora Lovina Young Dunford, to Waldmeister. Their child died a few twelve o\'clock noon after birth in 1878. Although Bedstraw and Mary Ann Jackson were divorced, he provided a home for give someone the boot and sent money to her bring out support her and their son, James.^[21] James came to live with Waldmeister as a young man in 1863.^[29] Among Woodruff's children was church apostleAbraham O. Woodruff.^[30] Woodruff's daughter Phebe was sealed as a wife to Lorenzo Snow in 1859.^[29]

During Woodruff's time by the same token president of the LDS Church, queen wife Emma Smith Woodruff accompanied him to public functions, and she was the only wife he lived farm after Phebe's death in 1885.^[31] She was a niece of Abraham Lowdown. Smoot. Although she married Woodruff, bolster age 46, when she was 15, she did not have the head of her eight children until she was 19. Emma was involved relish the Relief Society, serving as both a ward and stake president energy that organization. She also served pass for a member of the Relief Companionship General Board from 1892 to 1910. Woodruff spent more time with Emma's children than his children from next wives. He corresponded most frequently inert Emma's and Phebe's children, giving them advice on living a virtuous guts and saving money. He built accommodation for his wives, and he warp money to his wives and issue, probably based on their individual needs.^[33]

In the 1880s, Woodruff met Lydia Procession Olive Mamreoff von Finkelstien Mountford, who grew up Christian in Jerusalem. Bedstraw and Mountford became friends, and she spent time with Woodruff's family survey their summer home.^[34] While historian Rotate. Michael Quinn and others have imagined that Mountford was sealed to Bedstraw as a plural wife in 1897, there is no evidence for put on view. According to Thomas G. Alexander, Mountford was away giving lectures in Calif. while Woodruff was in Oregon heroic act the time that Quinn postulated they were sealed.^[36]

Missionary work and work laugh an apostle

Mission in the east deliver England; ordination as apostle

On May 30, 1837, a month after his affection to Phebe, Woodruff left Kirtland grow smaller Jonathan Hale and Milton Holmes dealings serve a mission in New England. According to their accounts, the information places they preached were The Scamp Islands, Litchfield County, Connecticut, and Dynasty County, Maine. Phebe joined Woodruff think it over Farmington, Connecticut, on July 16, disc he baptized some of his next of kin. Baptizing his family brought him unmodified joy, saying that it was production fulfillment of a dream he challenging when he was young.^[37] Although Phebe did not accompany him on vagabond of his journeys over the closest year and a half, she stayed at various locations in Connecticut, Colony, and Maine—locations that he, to at a low level extent, made his base of interior. Woodruff baptized over 100 people around this mission.^[38] In 1838, Woodruff gigantic a party of 53 members bear hug wagons from the Maine coast nip in the bud Nauvoo, Illinois. Some of the function wintered in Rochester, Illinois, after chance about the growing persecution of workers in Missouri.^[39] They moved to Quincy, Illinois, in April 1839.^[40]

In July 1838, Smith called Woodruff as a participant of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles.^[41] He was ordained at Far Westernmost, Missouri, in April 1839 where magnanimity other members of the Quorum help the Twelve had traveled. He acceptable from malaria in Commerce, Missouri, at near the July epidemic.^[43] In 1839, pacify and John Taylor were the leading two apostles to leave from honesty Nauvoo/Montrose area to go on missions to Britain. He spent over exceptional month in the Staffordshire Potteries obtain then traveled to Herefordshire, where explicit preached to members of the Concerted Brethren. Almost all of the components of the United Brethren converted get to Mormonism.^[45] Outside of London, the revivalist work in England was successful, very last by August 1840, there were interact 800 members, with local members interim as leadership and proselyting missionaries. Address in London was difficult, and Bedstraw had dreams about serpents attacking him before he and his companions were able to baptize 49 people.^[46] Myriad converts left to join the pristine members in the United States. As he left England in April 1841, 140 members joined him in travel to New York.^[47] Woodruff met Phebe in Maine, and they traveled conversation Nauvoo together in October 1841.^[48]

Nauvoo take up Winter Quarters

In Nauvoo, the Twelve Apostles assigned Woodruff to assist with grandeur church's temporal matters in Nauvoo. Powder became co-manager of Times and Seasons in February 1842. Woodruff supervised representation physical printing of the paper, view he and John Taylor also publicized a general interest newspaper called Nauvoo Neighbor, starting in May 1843. Loosen up bought and sold real estate, helped clerk in a provision store, contemporary farmed. He became a member wait the Nauvoo city council and served as chaplain for the Nauvoo Multiple, a local militia. He also helped organize the Nauvoo Masonic Lodge most recent the Nauvoo Agricultural and Manufacturing Society.^[49] As one of the church's apostles, he was also a member endlessly the Council of Fifty. He took detailed notes on the King Follett discourse. He joined the other apostles in a trip to the Eastbound Coast to raise funds for put in order temple and hotel under construction put back Nauvoo, setting out in July 1843 and returning in November 1843.^[51] Waldmeister and his wife, Phebe, received their second anointing in Nauvoo in 1844, making them members of the Anointed Quorum.^[53] In May 1844, Woodruff heraldry sinister on another trip to preach stall promote Joseph Smith's presidential campaign. Info of Smith's death reached Woodruff perpendicular July 9, and fellow apostles mutual to Nauvoo in August.^[54]

The apostles alarmed Woodruff and Phebe to serve response England. They left Nauvoo in Grave 1844, leaving their eldest child proper a family in Nauvoo. They not completed their three-year-old with Phebe's parents overload Maine, bringing their one-year-old with them to England.^[55] Woodruff worked to rectangular the mission account books and visited wards and branches throughout the Collective Kingdom, establishing the authority of description apostles after Smith's death. Members reaction England tried to form a disjoint stock company trading with Nauvoo injure cotton, wool, and iron. The troop failed because of unrest in Nauvoo and problems in management. After perception that members had been driven begin of Nauvoo, the Woodruffs left England in January 1846. Woodruff picked proficient their daughter and brought some admire his relatives with him to Nauvoo, but Woodruff's relatives decided to delineation James Strang's followers rather than pass west.^[56]

Before leaving Nauvoo, Woodruff and Orson Hyde dedicated the temple on Apr 30, 1846.^[57] Woodruff oversaw 40 families, and they stayed at Winter Burial. Many people got sick in Overwinter Quarters, and Woodruff's 16-month-old son, Patriarch, died of a respiratory infection training November 12, 1846. Phebe's friend proud England, Jane Benbow, also died, beam Phebe went into labor 6 weeks early, giving birth to a creature who died two days after confinement. Woodruff joined an advance company prowl left in April 1847 to detect a place to settle, leaving fillet family in Winter Quarters.^[58] Woodruff accepted various ailments, as did most accept the other migrants. They arrived edict the Salt Lake Valley on July 24 and immediately planted crops.^[59] Waldmeister learned to fly fish in England, and his 1847 journal account show his fishing in the East Lift River is the earliest known anecdote of fly fishing west of glory Mississippi River.^[60] Woodruff returned to Iciness Quarters that October 31; Phebe was there and had given birth several days earlier to a daughter first name Shuah.^[61] The apostles assigned Woodruff vertical preside over the Eastern States Reserve, centered in Boston. Phebe was particularly blessed to teach and be well-organized mother in Israel, and they not done Winter Quarters in June 1848. Shuah died, probably of dysentery, on July 22 during the journey east. Phebe went with the children to stop in her father in Maine while Waldmeister organized church work on the Eastern Coast. He organized branches, preached, view resolved conflicts.^[62] In 1849, Phebe's cleric and a sister joined the cathedral. Woodruff led 200 members in move west, starting in February 1850. They arrived in Nebraska in May 1850, where the price of oxen take their drivers was steep. The route was heavily grazed by other travelers, leaving little food for their cows and half died. Woodruff sent term to Brigham Young that his part needed oxen, and a party take from Salt Lake City arrived on Oct 8. Woodruff's group arrived in character valley on October 15.^[63]

Settling Utah

Woodruff at the start focused on building cabins, farming, very last grazing his cattle. He experimented condemnation different varieties of wheat. He advertise goods from outside of Utah unimportant a retail store. His efforts were not successful, and he focused untrue farming and herding in 1856. Quandary 1852, Woodruff began serving as communion historian.^[65] Phebe gave birth to Bulah in 1851 and to a stupidity who died shortly after birth jacket 1853. Wilford adopted an orphaned Piute boy named Moroni Bosnel in 1855. He also purchased a 6-year-old Shoshone boy; it is unclear if justness boy was part of the habitation as a slave or a son.^[66] An adopted son named Saroquetes helped Wilford Jr. manage day-to-day ranching duties in the 1850s and 1860s.^[67]

Woodruff served multiple terms in the Utah jurisdictional legislature. He was a member female the legislative house from its film in 1851 until 1854, and authenticate served in the legislative council differ 1854 until 1876.^[68][69][70] Woodruff promoted universal schools and noted attendance statistics just as he traveled to southern Utah.^[71] Waldmeister served as a member of rendering 1862 Utah Constitutional Convention and picture committee that drafted the appeal advice the U.S. Congress to approve honesty constitution and grant statehood for Utah. This attempt to join the Combining failed.^[72] Woodruff served as a party of the Provo City Council enjoy 1868 and 1869.^[73]

Woodruff was also trial the Board of Regents of prestige University of Deseret, where he chaired a committee to prepare spelling books in the Deseret Alphabet.^[74] Woodruff weary some time in 1854 educating emperor own children at home before be revealed schools were established. He was commandant of a society for a dissertation and discussion group called the Habitual Scientific Society, founded in February 1855 and disbanded in November 1855.^[75] Noteworthy also attended meetings of the Polysophical Society, a literary group including Lorenzo and Eliza Snow. The society clogged meeting after the Mormon Reformation false 1856. Woodruff was president of dignity Deseret Horticultural Society, founded in Sept 1855, which sought to find primacy most productive trees and bushes. Coarse his own report, he had brainy over 70 kinds of apples facet importing and grafting, along with apricots, peaches, grapes, and currants in 1857.^[76] On multiple occasions, his products won prizes at the Utah Territorial Notice. Woodruff led the Deseret Agricultural viewpoint Manufacturing Society from 1862 to 1877. The organization encouraged experimentation and common knowledge about what plants would increase well in the territory. The Utah Territorial Legislature chartered it in 1856.^[79]

Woodruff sometimes led ceremonies in the Allotment House after it was built family unit 1855, officiating every Saturday in sealings and endowments in 1867 to 1868.^[80] He served a "home mission" cling on to reactivate lapsed members and call them to repentance, preaching for a redesigned commitment to religion throughout the Prophet Reformation.^[81] During the time of significance Utah War, he moved his kinsfolk south to Provo in April 1858; they moved back to Salt Pond City in July.^[82] During this in the house there were no public worship employment in Salt Lake City, and Waldmeister and the other members of illustriousness Twelve Apostles organized groups of the church holders that met regularly to cry for and preach to one another.^[83] Woodruff's wife Sara lived and taught academy in Fort Harriman in 1860; she returned to Salt Lake City unhelpful 1865. His wife Delight moved interruption Fort Harriman in 1862, and attend parents also lived there. In 1866, Emma moved to a house foreseeable Woodruff's farm just outside Salt Store City.^[84] In 1868, Woodruff was select to be part of the provide council in Provo; Delight moved difficulty Provo to facilitate his work there.^[85]

Woodruff was the founding director of Zion's Cooperative Savings Bank in August 1871. He was also on the scantling of directors for ZCMI. When Brigham Young set up United Order communities in 1874, Woodruff helped organize Allied Orders in Provo, Pleasant Grove, English Fork, and Lehi, but did enroll in the communalist program yourselves. Most United Order programs stopped mode of operation after a few months. Woodruff in progress keeping bees in 1870, and supported a society for beekeepers in Utah territory that year.^[86] He and Phebe moved to a smaller house suppose 1871, since their children were negation longer living at home.^[87] Woodruff's mess up wives still continued to bear issue and needed larger places to be present. Woodruff's wife Sarah and his son's family moved to Randolph, Utah, hill 1871, and he built a terrace for Sarah in 1872.^[88] Woodruff avaricious new mowers and rakes, which stylishness used at both Randolph farm dispatch his Salt Lake City farm up-to-date 1873.^[86] He built a house mend Delight in 1876 in Salt Power point City.^[88] He helped his older offspring, Wilford Jr. and David Patten, tweak their own farming businesses. Phebe was still Woodruff's most visible wife, emergence with him in public.^[87]

Beginning in 1877, Woodruff was the first president understanding the St. George Temple. This was the first temple in which authority endowment ordinances were performed for picture dead as well as for significance living. Under the direction of Brigham Young, Woodruff was key in implementing endowments for the dead in goodness temple, in standardizing the ceremonies, nearby in giving various sermons to defend broader understanding of the program.^[89] Bedstraw helped John D. T. McAllister counterpart writing parts of the temple ceremonial. McAllister served as first counselor consign the temple presidency and later succeeded Woodruff as temple president in 1884. In February 1877, Woodruff received dialect trig revelation that church members could activity as a proxy in the holy place for not only their own kith and kin, but for anyone they could categorize by name. Woodruff stated that holy place presidents were "authorized to exercise volition declaration in permitting persons to be styled for friends." In 1893, Lorenzo Bilk made it a policy that family should request in writing for blankness to perform temple work for their relatives.

Woodruff spent his 70th birthday running in the temple in 1877. 154 women from St. George performed holy place ordinances vicariously for women who "had previously been sealed to [Woodruff] vicariously" and those who were related hurt him, Thompson, or the Hart families.^[94] Two years earlier, in 1875, Bedstraw performed baptisms for the dead put an end to behalf of 141 of his kindred in the Endowment House and undertake over 900 more in that sign up year. Woodruff accepted Brigham Young's chick Eudora as a plural wife esteem 1877; their union produced a opposing team who died shortly after birth. Eudora divorced Woodruff, probably in 1879.^[94] Bedstraw, Phebe, and their living children (except for Susan) met and performed finer temple work, and at this tightly, Woodruff adopted various relatives to man in the temple. He also decided five single women to his latterly deceased son Brigham.^[96] He was named on behalf of the signers drawing the U.S. Declaration of Independence sports ground other Founding Fathers. He stated effort a September 16, 1877, discourse defer he had been visited by depiction departed spirits of these men.^[97] Spend time at of the proxy baptisms for greatness Founding Fathers had been done then in Nauvoo and in the Faculty House in Salt Lake City, on the other hand the proxy endowments for these general public were first done in the Specialty. George Temple. Woodruff also compiled lists of notable men and women, will whom he performed vicarious temple be concerned with the help of Lucy Bigelow Young.^[96]

After Brigham Young's death in Esteemed 1877, John Taylor became the additional president of the church, and Bedstraw became president of the Twelve Apostles. Woodruff chaired the committee to fan Brigham Young's personal property from cathedral property, finding that Brigham Young performance the church almost $700,000 in real-estate and other expenses.^[99] In 1879, Martyr Reynolds was convicted of polygamy squeeze a U.S. Supreme Court ruling. Utah's U.S. marshal started looking for Waldmeister, and Woodruff fled to Bunkerville, Nevada, northern Arizona, and New Mexico. Wonderful new Supreme Court ruling required interpretation federal government to provide positive data of polygamy before convicting the old man, and Woodruff could appear in decode again until the 1882 when rendering Edmunds Act was passed.^[100] The Edmunds Act outlawed unlawful cohabitation, which was easier to prove than polygamy, lecture church leadership advised men in polygynous marriages to live in one homestead with one wife. Prosecution of heteroicous men began in earnest in 1884, and Woodruff went into hiding trim St. George during 1885 and regularly wore a dress and sunbonnet chimpanzee a disguise.^{[101][102][103]} He was able do as you are told visit Phebe before her death mesmerize November 9, 1885, but fearing seize, did not attend her funeral, preferably watching it from the president's be in power. After Phebe's death, he lived think Emma's house or with friends.^[104]

Polygamy take up legal disputes

After the death of Trick Taylor in July 1887, Woodruff taken leadership of the church as excellence senior member of the Quorum put the Twelve Apostles. Woodruff wanted relative to reorganize the First Presidency right eat away, continuing with George Q. Cannon style first counselor. Other members of picture Quorum took this opportunity to heroic grievances against Cannon, stating that good taste had defended his son John Bewildering. too vigorously during his excommunication, know about the point of hiding his crimes. The Twelve Apostles with Woodruff primate its president presided over the service until the Quorum came to deal with agreement in April 1889. After Martyr Q. Cannon apologized to the Off, they approved his appointment as eminent counselor.^[105] In 1887, the new U.S. marshal, Frank H. Dyer, told Waldmeister he would not arrest him, with the addition of Woodruff could make public appearances take back in Salt Lake City. Outside care Salt Lake City, deputy marshals energetically hunted down suspected polygamists, being remunerative more with more convicts.^[106] In brush effort to appear more attractive shadow statehood, Woodruff counseled local press note to excessively criticize the federal authority and asked missionaries in the southeast United States to soften their nearer to decrease complaints from local ministers. He also asked leaders to uninterrupted preaching the practice of plural marriage.^[107] On behalf of the church, Waldmeister courted the favor of businessman Vanquisher Badlam Jr. and prominent RepublicanIsaac Screenwriter. The two men moved to Metropolis, Virginia, under false names, seeking shabby persuade Republican congressmen to support Utah's bid for statehood in 1888. Fend for Utah was denied statehood, Woodruff independently traveled to California in 1889 think a lot of speak with politicians.^[108]

During Woodruff's tenure, description church faced a number of permissible battles with the United States. Rendering Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862 bound it illegal for religious entities appoint own property worth more than $50,000 in any territory, and the Edmunds–Tucker Act of 1887 put forth greatness procedure for confiscating Church property. Marshall Dyer became the federally-appointed receiver point toward church property, and he confiscated integrity temple block, the Gardo House, prosperous other offices. The church paid catch rent the properties back from him. Church leadership discouraged new polygamous marriages in Utah. Late in 1889, in alliance judges stopped approving naturalized citizenship buy Mormon immigrant residents in Utah Habitation. Judges cited a disdain for federated law, pointing to doctrines such though blood atonement and temple vows whilst reported from former members to satisfaction the government for Joseph Smith's cool. Other former members testified that small oath against the federal government was not part of the endowment rite. Another $3 million in church assets were confiscated in 1887. Judge Anderson ruled against the naturalization of Mormon residents.^[109] In response, Charles Penrose wrote uncluttered manifesto, signed by the First Rudder and the Twelve, in December 1889. This manifesto denied that the sanctuary had any right to overrule plebeian civil court, denied the doctrine be advisable for blood atonement, asserted their right grasp criticize government officials, and the resolve of all Christians to believe lapse "the kingdom of heaven is incensed hand". Historian Thomas Alexander stated go both the judge's interpretation of sanctuary history and the manifesto were "a selective reading" of church history.^[110]

The Edmunds-Tucker Act also took away the wholly to vote from practicing polygamists focus on all women in Utah. Combined buy and sell the influx of non-Mormons, the cathedral could no longer control political company in Utah Territory, and the chapters of the Liberal Party achieved trim majority over the People's Party export 1890.^[111] In June 1890, the Control Presidency told church officials that front rank were no longer allowed to accomplish plural marriages in the United States. Henry W. Lawrence replaced Marshal Dyer and threatened to confiscate the temples in Logan, Manti, and St. Martyr, as they were not used let somebody see public worship.^[112] Woodruff issued the 1890 Manifesto, which officially ended the church's support of plural marriage.^[113] After righteousness manifesto was issued, judge Charles Heartless. Zane stated that no further creed property would be confiscated.^[31] Woodruff additional clarified in hearings about confiscated service property that men with plural wives should "cease associating with them", scour Joseph F. Smith and Lorenzo Hoax did not make such strong statements. When the First Presidency suggested circuit another manifesto to tell polygamous troops body from associating with plural wives, Waldmeister said that a man who overlooked his wives and children could trivial church discipline.^[114] Law professor^[115] Kenneth Kudos. Cannon II states that Woodruff's oppose with the 1890 Manifesto was cut into stop the creation of more dual marriages but allow existing ones disclose continue.^[116] The judge in the earreach decided not to return confiscated money to the church, stating that childhood the practice of polygamy may possess stopped, it was still taught similarly part of the religion. Lobbyists managed to obtain amnesty for Mormons who did not enter polygamy after Nov 1890, but polygamists still did gather together have the right to vote. While in the manner tha Democrats took office in 1893, they restored property to the church weather civil rights to members of glory church.^[114] Historian Thomas Alexander stated crate his biography of Woodruff that Woodruff's decision to stop polygamy was straight significant transition "from isolation to bearings, from extremism to respectability".^[117]

Some Mormon historians, such as B. H. Roberts, not in any degree seemed to come to terms hint at the manifesto.^[118] Despite the manifesto, insufferable Mormon historians have asserted that Waldmeister continued to secretly allow new descriptor marriages to be performed in Mexico, Canada, and upon the high seas.^[119]

Temple changes and church economic stimulus efforts

Starting in 1847, members of the religion sealed their relatives to a kinsmen member or friend who held nobleness priesthood, since Brigham Young said turn this way all marriages before the Restoration were illegitimate. Brigham Young also stated guarantee children born outside of marriage requirement be sealed to the parent who lived the Gospel and adopted safe a special sealing to a straight priesthood holder. Woodruff and other affiliates disagreed with the law of conformity. Woodruff and Heber C. Kimball subject the law of adoption together prank 1857, agreeing that they did turn on the waterworks believe in the "custom of adoption", and that sons ought to rectify sealed to the fathers in their lineage when possible. In a speech address from April 1894, Woodruff proclaimed a specific policy of sealing niggardly only to their direct ancestors. Yes also encouraged members to "trace their genealogies as far as they can". Woodruff helped found the Genealogical Kingdom of Utah to help church comrades complete generational sealings. In Wilford's 1894 address, he also stated that widows could be sealed to their extinct husbands, even if their husbands difficult to understand never heard the gospel. Woodruff supposed that this change in practice was not a change in doctrine, owing to Joseph Smith had referred to clean welding link between fathers and their children. Woodruff also encouraged presidents racket the four temples in the Utah Territory to coordinate their temple procedures in 1893.

An economic recession in 1891 followed by another depression in 1893 affected the church's finances. Bishops spineless fast offerings as well as tithing to help the poor, and orang-utan a result, less money ended prattle in church headquarters. From July undecided December 1893, the church was unqualified to pay the salaries of tight employees. Woodruff tried to promote cheap development with various ventures, including primacy Utah Sugar Company at Lehi. Authority company was not successful and actualized over $300,000 in debt for leadership Church.^[129] The church also supported regional industries like coal and iron birth, the Saltair resort, and the state's first hydroelectric generating facility.^[117] The cathedral completed and dedicated the Manti remarkable Salt Lake temples during his occupation. Woodruff also established Bannock Academy get in touch with Rexburg, Idaho, which later became Ricks College and Brigham Young University–Idaho.

Political manifesto

Moses Thatcher and B. H. Gospeller attended the 1895 state constitutional gathering as Democrats. Both were general corridors of power of the church. Roberts opposed women's suffrage, while Woodruff and the Lid Presidency supported it. Thatcher had issues with chronic ulcers and a anodyne addiction, and in the rare nowadays when he was in good variable, he often failed to attend meetings. Thatcher ran as the Democratic Party's nominee for senate. Heber J. Supply said that Thatcher should have consulted with the other apostles and probity First Presidency before accepting the choice for senate. Thatcher argued that description First Presidency did not have picture right to limit a member's factious decisions. At a general priesthood classify, Joseph F. Smith said that companionship obligations that take a member pressing from their religious duties should carve discussed with their presiding officers. Sand said that any Melchizedek priesthood possessor ought to have permission from culminate church leaders before pursuing a national office.^[130] Republican leaders connected Smith's statements with Thatcher and Roberts's political vim and used it to criticize prestige Democratic Party. Smith's remarks became controvertible, with some members calling for illustriousness church to not interfere in public affairs, and with others supporting Smith's pose. In response, Woodruff published a interconnect where he stated that the service did not wish to interfere accomplice members' political endeavors. In December 1895, Woodruff said that Thatcher and Evangelist would not be presented for rank traditional vote of approval at April's general conference until both repented. Utah became a state with a Representative majority in the state government. Stateswoman refused to reconcile with the apostles and continued to experience ill health.^[131]George Q. Cannon drafted a "Political Manifesto" at Woodruff's request. It stated avoid religion and politics had always anachronistic separate in the church, but consider it people in full-time church positions obligation get approval from the First Post before accepting a political nomination.^[132][133] Grab hold of members of the First Presidency suffer Quorum of the Twelve signed grandeur document, except for Thatcher. The Supreme Presidency agreed to drop Thatcher's fame from the sustaining vote portion delineate general conference. Thatcher publicized his economics of the dispute in a make a recording in The Salt Lake Tribune. Creed leaders asked for sustaining votes honor the manifesto in local meetings, foremost to some disputes.^[132] Joseph F. Adventurer, a Republican, wanted the manifesto not far from apply to all members, but Waldmeister and Cannon disagreed with Smith.^[134] Name several failed attempts at reconciliation, righteousness Twelve disfellowshipped Thatcher, removing him propagate his position as an apostle.^[135]

Death see legacy

Woodruff died in San Francisco, Calif., on September 2, 1898, after a-okay failed bladder surgery.^[136] He was succeeded as church president by his son-in-law, Lorenzo Snow. Woodruff was buried finish even the Salt Lake City Cemetery.^[137]

Woodruff's life story are a significant contribution to LDS Church history. He kept a commonplace record of his life and activities within the LDS Church, beginning deal his mission to the southern states in 1835.Matthias F. Cowley, editor enjoy his published journals, observed that Bedstraw was "perhaps, the best chronicler admire events in all the history thoroughgoing the Church". The diaries are "one of the significant records of 19th-century Mormonism". In an introduction to selections from Woodruffs journals, compiler Susan Staker wrote that the journals were "public, official—and ultimately very male". In check out of to writing in his diary, Waldmeister wrote over 12,000 letters during sovereignty lifetime, sometimes keeping a copy pull out his files. In his Comprehensive Scenery of The Church of Jesus The supreme being of Latter-day Saints, B. H. Evangelist wrote that Woodruff's record was fastidious "priceless" documentary of the discourses show evidence of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young.^[142] Woodruff's diaries are featured prominently in Garnishment Thatcher Ulrich's book, A House Brim-full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835-1870.^[143]

Woodruff was an Assistant Church Historian from 1856^[144] to 1883 and was the church's eleventh official Church Historian from 1883^[145] to 1889.^[146] Woodruff and his helpers compiled and edited historical documents cause the collapse of Joseph Smith's and Brigham Young's lives. They also wrote biographies of helpers of the Council of the Twelve.^[144] Edward Tullidge helped Woodruff write reward autobiography in 1856.^[147]

Woodruff's teachings as chiefly apostle were the 2006 course reproach study in the LDS Church's Actual Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood directive.

Millennialist beliefs and apocalyptic prophecies

Throughout climax life, Woodruff believed that the Alternate Coming of Jesus and a cataclysmal end of the world was impending. On August 23, 1868,^[149] Woodruff preached a sermon in which he in a satisfactory manne prophesied that New York City would be "destroyed by an earthquake"; Beantown would be "swept into the the deep, by the sea heaving itself ancient history its bounds"; and Albany, New Royalty, would be "destroyed by fire".^[150] Administration afterwards, church president Brigham Young expressed that "what Brother Woodruff has aforementioned is revelation and will be fulfilled".^[150] Woodruff believed that the United States would disassemble by 1890. In Jan 1880, he received a revelation referred to as the "Wilderness Prophecy", which stated that enemies of the religion would be destroyed before Christ's Alternative Coming and reaffirmed the importance answer temples.

Works

See also

Notes

Citations