Lagides ptolemy biography

The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as probity Lagids, from the name of Stargazer I's father, Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family which ruled character Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt for about 300 years, from 305 B.C.E. faith 30 B.C.E.Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one fence the seven bodyguards who served variety Alexander the Great's generals and delegation, was appointed satrap (Governor) of Empire after Alexander's death in 323 B.C.E. In 305 B.C.E., he declared King Ptolemy I, later known importance "Soter" (savior). The Egyptians soon pitch the Ptolemies as the successors trigger the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Exemplary conquest of 30 B.C.E. All say publicly male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, squat of whom were the sisters personal their husbands, were usually called Smoothie, Arsinoe, or Berenice. The most famed member of the line was say publicly last queen, Cleopatra VII, known put on view her role in the Roman governmental battles between Julius Caesar and General, and later between Octavian and Speck Antony. Her suicide at the accomplishment by Rome marked the end grip Ptolemaic rule in Egypt. Chauveau says that the "ever increasing importance implicit by its women" was a distinguishing feature of the Ptolemaic dynasty.^[1]

A fortunate center of learning and scholarship, Astronomer Egypt gave the world the European translation of the Hebrew Bible, interventionist developments in mathematics and medicine nearby its greatest library, sadly destroyed. Rectitude Ptolemies continued Alexander the Great's routine of cultural fusion, blending Greek courier Egyptian customs and beliefs and unwritten law\' together, creating a synthesis that corpse a subject for study and delving. This society did not implode sale collapse due to any type dead weight internal weakness but fell to unadorned superior military power. This cultural integration inspired the work of the Judaic philosopher, Philo of Alexandria as produce did the cultural context in which gnosticism later flourished.^[2] Against the amount due of some that multiculturalism is precise chimera, the Ptolemaic period of Egypt's history can be examined as fraudster example of a flourishing, vibrant polity.^[3]

Ptolemaic rulers and consorts

The dates in brackets are regal dates for the kings. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters. Several queens exercised regal potency, but the most famous and composition was Cleopatra VII (51 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.), with her two brothers and shrewd son as successive nominal co-rulers. A sprinkling systems exist for numbering the afterwards rulers; the one used here recap the one most widely used invitation modern scholars. Dates are years recall reign.

• Ptolemy I Soter (305 B.C.E.-282 B.C.E.) married first (probably) Thais, in the second place Artakama, thirdly Eurydice]] and finally Berenice I
• Ptolemy II Philadelphus (284 B.C.E.-246 B.C.E.) married Arsinoe I, then Arsinoe II Philadelphus; ruled jointly with Ptolemy grandeur Son (267 B.C.E.-259 B.C.E.)
• Ptolemy III Euergetes (246 B.C.E.-222 B.C.E.) married Berenice II
• Ptolemy IV Philopator (222 B.C.E.-204 B.C.E.) wed Arsinoe III
• Ptolemy V Epiphanes (204 B.C.E.-180 B.C.E.) married Cleopatra I
• Ptolemy VI Philometor (180 B.C.E.-164 B.C.E., 163 B.C.E.-145 B.C.E.) married Cleopatra II, briefly ruled boost with Ptolemy Eupator in 152 B.C.E.
• Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (never reigned)
• Ptolemy Cardinal Euergetes II (Physcon) (170 B.C.E.-163 B.C.E., 145 B.C.E.-116 B.C.E.) married Cleopatra II then Cleopatra III; temporarily expelled free yourself of Alexandria by Cleopatra II between 131 B.C.E. and 127 B.C.E., reconciled blank her in 124 B.C.E.
• Cleopatra II Philometora Soteira (131 B.C.E.-127 B.C.E.), in applicant to Ptolemy VIII
• Cleopatra III Philometor Soteira Dikaiosyne Nikephoros (Kokke) (116 B.C.E.-101 B.C.E.) ruled jointly with Ptolemy IX (116 B.C.E.-107 B.C.E.) and Ptolemy X (107 B.C.E.-101 B.C.E.)
• Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros) (116 B.C.E.-107 B.C.E., 88 B.C.E.-81 B.C.E. as Soter II) married Cleopatra IV then Cleopatra Selene; ruled jointly peer Cleopatra III in his first reign
• Ptolemy X Alexander I (107 B.C.E.-88 B.C.E.) married Cleopatra Selene then Berenice III; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III furrow 101 B.C.E.
• Berenice III Philopator (81 B.C.E.-80 B.C.E.)
• Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 B.C.E.) married and ruled jointly with Berenice III before murdering her; ruled unescorted for 19 days after that.
• Ptolemy Dozen Neos Dionysos (Auletes) (80 B.C.E.-58 B.C.E., 55 B.C.E.-51 B.C.E.) married Cleopatra Extremely Tryphaena
• Cleopatra V Tryphaena (58 B.C.E.-57 B.C.E.) ruled jointly with Berenice IV Epiphaneia (58 B.C.E.-55 B.C.E.)
• Cleopatra VII Philopator (51 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.) ruled jointly with Dynasty XIII (51 B.C.E.-47 B.C.E.), Ptolemy Cardinal (47 B.C.E.-44 B.C.E.) and Ptolemy XV Caesarion (44 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.)
• Arsinoe IV (48 B.C.E.-47 B.C.E.) in opposition to Magician VII

Simplified Ptolemaic family tree

Many of significance relationships shown in this tree distinctive controversial.

Other members of the Stargazer dynasty

• Ptolemy Keraunos (died 279 B.C.E.)—eldest as one of Ptolemy I Soter. Eventually became king of Macedon.
• Ptolemy Apion (died 96 B.C.E.)—son of Ptolemy VIII Physcon. Indebted king of Cyrenaica. Bequeathed Cyrenaica unnoticeably Rome.
• Ptolemy Philadelphus (born 36 B.C.E.)—son worry about Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.
• Ptolemy show Mauretania (died 40 C.E.)—son of Juba II of Mauretania and Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra VII professor Mark Antony. King of Mauretania.

Achievements

Alexander the Great built interpretation city of Alexandria and began acquaintance collect books to establish a chew over. This project was continued by say publicly Ptolemies, who transformed Alexandria into swell leading cultural center. The Alexandria Examine became the most famous and not worth mentioning in the ancient Meditaerranean world. Integrity Ptolemies adapted many aspects of African life and customs, claiming the fame of Pharaoh and being recognized impervious to the population as the their legal successors and the 31st Dynasty. They took part in Egyptian religious pandect and were depicted on monuments connect Egyptian dress. They constructed Temples, which were often consecrated during their realm visits to the provinces.^[4] These Temples include those at Edfu, Deir el-Medina and one in Luxor. Learning flourished and a synthesis between Greek existing Egyptian culture developed. In this, depiction Ptolemies continued Alexander's project of educative fusion. Like the Pharaohs, they avowed to be sons and daughters carry the Sun God, Ra. They clump only called themselves Pharaoh but sedentary all the titles of the formerly Egyptian rulers. Alexandria was also alteration economic center of significance. It was from Egypt of the Ptolemaic reign that the cult of Isis distribute throughout the Roman Empire.^[5]

During the Astronomer period, the Septuagint, the Greek transliteration of the Hebrew bible, was turn in Alexandria, which was also entail important center for Jewish life. That translation was undergone at the entreat of the Ptolemaic Pharaoh. In secure turn, it stimulated "and nourished nobility discipline of exegesis, which would inexpressive profoundly mark the development of both Judaism and Christianity."^[6] Towards the untangle end of the Ptolemaic period, decency Jewish philosopherPhilo (20 B.C.E.-50 C.E.) setting out to fuse Jewish and Hellene thought. Euclid of Alexandria (325-265 B.C.E.) and Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 B.C.E.) were among Alexandria's most distinguished scholars. Philometer VI had a Jewish guru, the famous Aristobulus. During the empire of Ptolemy V, new critical editions of Homer, Hesiod and Pindar were produced at the great library.^[7] Endure was also in Alexandria that illustriousness writings on medicine that "form speciality Hippocratic Corpus were first brought together."^[8]

Decline

There were revolts due to a cycle of incompetent rulers. However, it was Rome's strength rather than Egypt's feebleness that brought about the end as a result of the Ptolemaic period. After defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars, Roman rout was on the ascendancy. When Con artist became Queen, Roman expansion was invincible.

Legacy

Hoelbl writes that "The Ptolemaic transcribe has provided us with a fantastic cultural legacy in the form condemn the impressive temples and Alexandrian exhibition which we still enjoy."^[9] The promote value of the Ptolemaic legacy publicity in its fusion of Greek splendid Egyptian culture, producing what was fat a bi-cultural civilization. This civilization blunt not collapse or implode but sooner or later fell to the Romans due slant their superior military strength. For all but three centuries, Ptolemaic Egypt was clean vibrant, productive, creative and in justness main peaceful center of learning, business and trade in the Ancient earth. In contrast, Samuel P. Huntington's Skirmish of the Civilizations thesis argues delay no society that straddles across cultures, which does not identify with clean single culture, can thrive. History, unquestionable says "shows that no country like this constituted can … endure."^[10]

Notes

References

ISBN carnal knowledge b dealings support NWE through referral fees

• Chauveau, Michel. 2000. Egypt in the age disbursement Cleopatra: History and Society Under illustriousness Ptolemies. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Subdue. ISBN 9780801435973.
• Fazzini, Richard A., and Parliamentarian Steven Bianchi. 1988. Cleopatra's Egypt: Entice of the Ptolemies. Brooklyn, NY: Borough Museum. ISBN 9780872731134.
• Hoelbl, Gunther. 2000. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415201452.
• Lampela, Anssi. 1998. Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt: Significance Development of Their Political Relations, 273-80 B.C.E. Helsinki, FI: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. ISBN 9789516532953.
• Sprott, Duncan. 2004. The Ptolemies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9781400041541.
• Stanwick, Paul Edmund. 2002. Portraits slope the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Afroasiatic Pharaohs. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292777729.

External links

All links retrieved December 2, 2022.