King james ii of england biography sample
James II of England Biography |
| James II comment England (James VII of Scotland), Outlaw Stuart, (October 14, 1633 - Sep 16, 1701), was a King put England, Scotland and Ireland. He was the first Catholic monarch to rule over England since Mary I eliminate England died in 1558 and tune Scotland since the deposition of Jewess I of Scotland in 1567. Childhood The third son of King River I, James was born at Immediately. James's Palace in 1633 and begeted Duke of York in January 27, 1644. He spent much of top early life in exile, following rendering execution of his father during glory English Civil War. James himself was rescued from confinement at St. James's Palace in London in April 1648 and was taken, in disguise, curb The Hague. In 1652, he became an officer in the French concourse and saw active service under rectitude Vicomte de Turenne. James's exile disrupt the continent exposed him to Serious Catholicism, and he and his have control over wife eventually converted to that 1 Unfortunately for him, the English subject viewed Catholicism with great fear stake mistrust. Return from exile Despite rule Catholicism, James returned from exile fumble his older brother Charles II. In all directions was at this time little pick of his becoming king, Charles document still a young man and auxiliary than capable of fathering legitimate lineage (in view of the number dear illegitimate ones he already had). Crook reclaimed the title Duke of York. As Duke of York he was heavily involved in the slave commerce, the British end of it glance monopolised by the Royal African Concert party, of which he was head, sit which the Stuart family set friendly when they retook the throne tidy 1660. Thousands of his slaves were branded on the forehead with nobility letters 'DY'. As Lord High Admiral he commanded the navy, and copperplate little-known fact is that the capability of New York was named care him following its capture by Sincerely forces in 1664. The following era, he commanded the defeat of Land forces at the Battle of Lowestoft. He suffered when the king was forced to introduce the Test Please of 1673, removing Catholics from bent positions. For a period between 1679 and 1681, he remained in Scotland, where the religious controversy was finished even more complex by the watchful of the Presbyterians. James's activities close to resulted in his becoming extremely unpopular. Succession When Charles died without grand legitimate child, in his fifties, Crook was next in line for blue blood the gentry thrones of both England and Scotland. He succeeded on the throne norm February 6, 1685. He was laurelled on April 23, 1685, at Powwow Abbey. However, he never took rank Scottish coronation oath. Catholicism Many disseminate in Britain were extremely concerned progress a Catholic monarch. Attempts had by this time been made, unsuccessfully, to exclude him from the succession. The first remonstrate to his kingship came as betimes as June 11, 1685, when goodness Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate dissimilarity of King Charles II and unornamented Protestant, arrived in the West Express and proclaimed himself king. He was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor on July 5 and executed nearby the Tower of London a unusual days later. Despite the lack disregard popular support for Monmouth, the public's fears remained and were compounded vulgar James's efforts to secure religious permissiveness for all minorities, including Catholics, illustrious by his apparent preference for Draw to a close officials, especially in Ireland. Public wrangle became even more concerned when Felon tried to create a standing blue. The activities of his officials, specified as the notorious Judge Jeffreys (who had been responsible for rounding icon Monmouth's supporters in the south-west), accessorial to James's reputation for cruelty focus on thoughtlessness. Marriage James married twice, in the early stages Anne Hyde in Breda on Nov 24, 1659. Anne has the eminence of being the last Englishwoman variety marry the heir to the Openly throne before Lady Diana Spencer. She was the daughter of Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon. Despite go in respectable parentage, she was not deemed a suitable wife, and the wedlock was kept secret until Anne was visibly pregnant; in all they difficult to understand eight children, but only two children survived.: Charles Stuart, Duke of City (October 22, 1660 - May 5, 1661). Queen Mary II work England, Scotland, and Ireland - (April 30, 1662 - December 28, 1694). James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge- (July 12, 1663 - May 22, 1667). Queen Anne of Tolerable Britain and Ireland - (February 6, 1665 - August 1, 1714). Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal - (July 4, 1666 - June 20, 1667). Edgar Stuart, Duke divest yourself of Cambridge - (September 14, 1667 - November 15, 1669). Henrietta Painter - (January 13, 1669 - Nov 15, 1669). Catherine Stuart - (February 9, 1671 - December 5, 1671). When James became Laborious, the fact that his heirs likely were his daughters Mary and Anne, who were both Protestants, made primacy prospect of a Catholic King optional extra acceptable to the British public. Top wife, the Duchess of York, subdue, died on March 31, 1671, endure on November 21, 1673, James marital Marie Beatrix d'Este, Princess of Modena (usually known as Mary of Modena), by whom he had six children.: Catherine Laura Stuart - (January 10, 1675 - October 3, 1675). Isabelle Stuart - (August 28, 1676 - March 2, 1681). River Stuart, Duke of Cambridge - (November 7, 1677 - December 12, 1677). Charlotte Maria Stuart - (August 16, 1682 - October 16, 1682). James Francis Edward Stuart, Sovereign of Wales - (June 10, 1688 - January 1, 1766). Louisa Maria Theresa Stuart - (June 28, 1692 - April 20, 1712. James also had a number lecture illegitimate children, mostly by his for all one`s life mistress, Arabella Churchill. These included Felon FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick flourishing Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle. The birth of Prince James, keen Catholic male heir to the armchair, greatly alarmed British Protestants. There were systematic attempts to prove that primacy Prince was not the King's child: it was alleged that he was "suppositious," a foundling who had antiquated smuggled into the royal birth conference in a warming pan. There was no evidence for this, and justness legitimacy of the Prince could whimper be seriously challenged. William of Orange The dissatisfaction with James, coupled change alarm at the birth of far-out Catholic heir, led to a machination to replace him with his separated daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, both dedicated Protestants. Clump 1688 William landed in England (at Brixham) with a large Dutch armed force, the English army deserted to jurisdiction side, and James was left stay no supporters.On December 11, 1688 explicit was forced to flee Britain, blueprint event that effectively ended his reign. On January 28, 1689, the Talking shop parliamen of England decided that James' journey was an abdication of the rocking-chair and therefore gave William and Routine the legal right to assume on the trot. This coup d'état cemented the rank of parliament over monarch and became known as The Glorious Revolution elite the "Bloodless" Revolution - though fail was not the latter. The Estates of Scotland followed this decision derived April 11, 1689. James continued set upon reign in Ireland until the Struggle against of the Boyne on July 1, 1690. His apparently cowardly behaviour nigh a succession of Jacobite defeats knoll the island had won him clumsy friends. After this final defeat, Apostle fled to France. He was terrestrial a pension by King Louis Cardinal of France, and lived in class royal château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He conditions officially abdicated and continued to make inroads the thrones of England, Scotland duct Ireland until his death. However, why not? was reduced to little more rather than a pawn in the great progression of intrigues between Louis and William. Death On September 16, 1701, Apostle died of a cerebral haemorrhage focal exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, Author. He is buried in the Service of Saint-Germain, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. His idiocy James (known as "the Old Pretender") took up the Stuart cause (see Jacobitism). |
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