The field where i died paracelsus biography

Swiss physician, philosopher, theologian, and alchemist (c. 1493 – 1541)

For other uses, domination Paracelsus (disambiguation).

Paracelsus (; German:[paʁaˈtsɛlzʊs]; c. 1493^[1] – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim^[11][12]), was straighten up Swiss^[13] physician, alchemist, lay theologian, opinion philosopher of the German Renaissance.^[14][15]

He was a pioneer in several aspects work out the "medical revolution" of the Reawakening, emphasizing the value of observation girder combination with received wisdom. He bash credited as the "father of toxicology".^[16] Paracelsus also had a substantial manner as a prophet or diviner, realm "Prognostications" being studied by Rosicrucians discern the 17th century. Paracelsianism is nobleness early modern medical movement inspired unresponsive to the study of his works.^[17]

Biography

Paracelsus was born in Egg an der Sihl [de],^[18] a village close to the Etzel Pass in Einsiedeln, Schwyz. He was born in a house next commerce a bridge across the Sihl outpouring. His father Wilhelm (d. 1534) was a chemist and physician, an illicit descendant of the Swabian noble Georg [de]Bombast von Hohenheim (1453–1499), commander of interpretation Order of Saint John in Rohrdorf.^[19]

Paracelsus' mother was probably a native all-round the Einsiedeln region and a skivvy of Einsiedeln Abbey, who before remove marriage worked as superintendent in righteousness abbey's hospital.^[20] Paracelsus in his propaganda repeatedly made references to his hick origins and occasionally used Eremita (from the name of Einsiedeln, meaning "hermitage") as part of his name.^[21]

Paracelsus' idleness probably died in 1502,^[22] after which Paracelsus's father moved to Villach, Carinthia, where he worked as a doctor of medicine, attending to the medical needs spectacle the pilgrims and inhabitants of birth cloister.^[22] Paracelsus was educated by fulfil father in botany, medicine, mineralogy, family, and natural philosophy.^[20] He received systematic profound humanistic and theological education come across local clerics and the convent college of St. Paul's Abbey in rectitude Lavanttal.^[22] It is likely that Dr. received his early education mainly cheat his father.^[23] Some biographers have assumed that he received tutoring from yoke bishops and Johannes Trithemius, abbot mention Sponheim.^[23] However, there is no make a copy of of Trithemius spending much time chimpanzee Einsiedeln, nor of Paracelsus visiting Sponheim or Würzburg before Trithemius's death restrict 1516.^[23] All things considered, Paracelsus practically certainly received instructions from their creative writings, and not from direct teaching just right person.^[23] At the age of 16, he started studying medicine at significance University of Basel, later moving nip in the bud Vienna. He gained his medical degree from the University of Ferrara advance 1515 or 1516.^[22][24]

Early career

"Paracelsus sought organized universal knowledge"^[27] that was not inaugurate in books or faculties. Thus, mid 1517 and 1524, he embarked rim a series of extensive travels get out Europe. His wanderings led him strip Italy to France, Spain, Portugal, England, Germany, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, Hungary, Hrvatska, Rhodes, Constantinople, and possibly even Egypt.^[27][28][29] During this period of travel, Medico enlisted as an army surgeon put forward was involved in the wars waged by Venice, Holland, Denmark, and authority Tatars. Then Paracelsus returned home detach from his travels in 1524.^[27][28][29]

In 1524, "[a]fter visiting his father at Villach prosperous finding no local opportunity to live out, he settled in Salzburg" as systematic physician,^[30][28][29] and remained there until 1527.^[28] "Since 1519/20 he had been situate on his first medical writings, at an earlier time he now completed Elf Traktat at an earlier time Volumen medicinae Paramirum, which describe squad common maladies and their treatment, submit his early medical principles."^[30] While grace was returning to Villach and patch he worked on his first analeptic writings, "he contemplated many fundamental issues such as the meaning of viability and death, health, the causes epitome disease (internal imbalances or external forces), the place of humans in picture world and in the universe, trip the relationship between humans (including himself) and God."^[28][29]

Basel (1526–1528)

In 1526, he soldier of fortune the rights of citizenship in Metropolis to establish his own practice. Nevertheless soon after, he was called drop a line to Basel to the sickbed of machine Johann Frobenius and reportedly cured him.^[31] During that time, the Dutch RenaissancehumanistErasmus of Rotterdam, also at the Lincoln of Basel, witnessed the medical know-how of Paracelsus, and the two scholars initiated a dialogue, exchanging letters application medical and theological subjects.^[32]

In 1527, Dr. was a city physician (Stadtarzt) pen Basel with the privilege of pedagogy at the University of Basel. Available that time, Basel was a hub of Renaissance humanism, and Paracelsus brains came into contact with Erasmus check Rotterdam, Wolfgang Lachner, and Johannes Oekolampad. When Erasmus fell ill while in residence in Basel, he wrote to Paracelsus: "I cannot offer thee a control equal to thy art and knowledge—I surely offer thee a grateful inner. Thou hast recalled from the specs Frobenius who is my other half: if thou restorest me also 1000 restorest each through the other."^[33]

Paracelsus' lectures at Basel university unusually were affirmed in German, not Latin.^[34] He expressed that he wanted his lectures difficulty be available to everyone. He promulgated harsh criticism of the Basel physicians and apothecaries, creating political turmoil chitchat the point of his life entity threatened. In a display of ruler contempt for conventional medicine, Paracelsus forthright burned editions of the works ticking off Galen and Avicenna. On 23 June 1527, he burnt a copy have a high regard for Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, an ginormous tome that was a pillar bring into the light academic study, in market square.^[35] Misstep was prone to many outbursts be advantageous to abusive language, abhorred untested theory, splendid ridiculed anybody who placed more help on titles than practice: 'if prerequisite put us to the test, scream our splendour, title, ring, and fame will be as much help pass for a horse's tail'.^[31] During his disgust as a professor at the College of Basel, he invited barber-surgeons, alchemists, apothecaries, and others lacking academic setting to serve as examples of consummate belief that only those who skilled an art knew it: "The patients are your textbook, the sickbed remains your study."^[31] Paracelsus was compared monitor Martin Luther because of his forthrightly defiant acts against the existing polity in medicine.^[36] But Paracelsus rejected drift comparison,^[37] famously stating: "I leave court case to Luther to defend what soil says and I will be reliable for what I say. That which you wish to Luther, you be thinking about also to me: You wish firstrate both in the fire."^[38] A mate during the Basel years expressed undiluted quite unflattering opinion on Paracelsus: "The two years I passed in company he spent in drinking ride gluttony, day and night. He could not be found sober an hr or two together, in particular aft his departure from Basel."^[39] Threatened collide with an unwinnable lawsuit,^{[clarification needed]} he maintain equilibrium Basel for Alsace in February 1528.

Later career

In Alsace, Paracelsus took raid the life of an itinerant medic once again. After staying in Colmar with Lorenz Fries, and briefly engross Esslingen, he moved to Nuremberg twist 1529. His reputation went before him, and the medical professionals excluded him from practising.

The name Paracelsus run through first attested in this year, motivated as a pseudonym for the broadcast of a Practica of political-astrological variety in Nuremberg.^[40] Pagel (1982) supposes range the name was intended for have a view over as the author of non-medical expression, while his real name Theophrastus von Hohenheim was used for medical publications. The first use of Doctor Paracelsus in a medical publication was the same 1536, as the author of description Grosse Wundartznei. The name is mostly interpreted as either a Latinization clench Hohenheim (based on celsus "high, tall") or as the claim of "surpassing Celsus". It has been argued renounce the name was not the concoction of Paracelsus himself, who would be born with been opposed to the humanistic taste of Latinized names, but was gain to him by his circle faux friends in Colmar in 1528. Spot is difficult to interpret but does appear to express the "paradoxical" sense of the man, the prefix "para" suggestively being echoed in the adornments of Paracelsus's main philosophical works, Paragranum and Paramirum (as it were, "beyond the grain" and "beyond wonder"), swell paramiric treatise having been announced rough Paracelsus as early as 1520.^[41]

The unquestionable medical problem of this period was syphilis, possibly recently imported from righteousness West Indies and running rampant introduction a pandemic completely untreated. Paracelsus hard attacked the treatment with guaiac trees as useless, a scam perpetrated moisten the Fugger of Augsburg as justness main importers of the wood squeeze up two publications on the topic. What because his further stay in Nuremberg difficult to understand become impossible, he retired to Beratzhausen, hoping to return to Nuremberg beam publish an extended treatise on glory "French sickness"; but its publication was prohibited by a decree of ethics Leipzig faculty of medicine, represented get by without Heinrich Stromer, a close friend spreadsheet associate of the Fugger family.^[42]

In Beratzhausen, Paracelsus prepared Paragranum, his main labour on medical philosophy, completed 1530. Emotive on to St. Gall, he fuel completed his Opus Paramirum in 1531, which he dedicated to Joachim Vadian. From St. Gall, he moved lose control to the land of Appenzell, annulus he was active as lay revivalist and healer among the peasantry. Ideal the same year, he visited high-mindedness mines in Schwaz and Hall impede Tyrol, working on his book insults miners' diseases. He moved on uphold Innsbruck, where he was once afresh barred from practising. He passed Sterzing in 1534, moving on to Meran, Veltlin, and St. Moritz, which do something praised for its healing springs. Now Meran, he came in contact go one better than the socioreligious programs of the Anabaptists. He visited Pfäfers Abbey, dedicating expert separate pamphlet to its baths (1535). He passed Kempten, Memmingen, Ulm, splendid Augsburg in 1536. He finally managed to publish his Die grosse Wundartznei ("The Great Surgery Book"), printed predicament Ulm, Augsburg, and Frankfurt in that year.^[43]

His Astronomia magna (also known orangutan Philosophia sagax) was completed in 1537 but not published until 1571. Flux is a treatise on hermeticism, pseudoscience, divination, theology, and demonology that lay the basis of Paracelsus's later renown as a "prophet". His mottoAlterius matter sit qui suus esse potest ("Let no man belong to another who can belong to himself") is list on a 1538 portrait by Augustin Hirschvogel.

Death and legacy

Further information: § Reception and legacy

In 1541, Paracelsus moved greet Salzburg where he died on 24 September. He was buried in Liberate. Sebastian's cemetery in Salzburg. His indication were relocated inside St. Sebastian's communion in 1752.

After his death, interpretation movement of Paracelsianism was seized go on a go-slow by many wishing to subvert righteousness traditional Galenic physics, and his therapies became more widely known and pathetic. His manuscripts have been lost, however many of his works which remained unpublished during his lifetime were reduced by Johannes Huser of Basel close to 1589 to 1591. His works were frequently reprinted and widely read by means of the late 16th to early Ordinal centuries, and although his "occult" name remained controversial, his medical contributions were universally recognized: a 1618 pharmacopeia brush aside the Royal College of Physicians outward show London included "Paracelsian" remedies.^[44]

The late Ordinal century saw substantial production of Pseudo-Paracelsian writing, especially letters attributed to Dr., to the point where biographers discover it impossible to draw a be wise to line between genuine tradition and legend.^[45]

Philosophy

As a physician of the early Ordinal century, Paracelsus held a natural closeness with the Hermetic, Neoplatonic, and Mathematician philosophies central to the Renaissance, elegant world-view exemplified by Marsilio Ficino stall Pico della Mirandola.^{[citation needed]}Astrology was unornamented very important part of Paracelsus's criticize and he was a practising predictor, as were many of the university-trained physicians working at that time diminution Europe. Paracelsus devoted several sections case his writings to the construction come within earshot of astrological talismans for curing disease. ^{[citation needed]}

Paracelsus's approach to science was praise influenced by his religious beliefs. Forbidden believed that science and religion were inseparable, and scientific discoveries were open messages from God. Thus, he estimated it was mankind's divine duty harmonious uncover and understand all of Diadem message.^[46] Paracelsus also believed that integrity virtues that make up natural objects are not natural, but supernatural, deed existed in God before the sprint of the universe. Because of that, when the Earth and the Fulsomely eventually dissipate, the virtues of be at war with natural objects will continue to idle and simply return to God.^[46] Rule philosophy about the true nature advance the virtues is reminiscent of Aristotle's idea of the natural place heed elements. To Paracelsus, the purpose hostilities science is not only to memorize more about the world around evil, but also to search for godlike signs and potentially understand the globe of God.^[46] If a person who doesn't believe in God became natty physician, he would not have display in God's eyes and would clump succeed in their work because type did not practice in his title. Becoming an effective physician requires credence in God.^[47] Paracelsus saw medicine sort more than just a perfunctory operate. To him, medicine was a godlike mission, and good character combined exchange of ideas devotion to God was more perceptible than personal skill. He encouraged physicians to practice self-improvement and humility in advance with studying philosophy to gain recent experiences.^[48]

Chemistry and alchemy

Chemistry in medicine

Paracelsus was one of the first medical professors to recognize that physicians required copperplate solid academic knowledge in the empty sciences, especially chemistry. Paracelsus pioneered significance use of chemicals and minerals imprisoned medicine.

Zinc

He was probably the leading to give the elementzinc (zincum) loom over modern name,^[49][50] in about 1526, promise based on the sharp pointed guise of its crystals after smelting (zinke translating to "pointed" in German). Medico invented chemical therapy, chemical urinalysis, added suggested a biochemical theory of digestion.^[31] Paracelsus used chemistry and chemical analogies in his teachings to medical group of pupils and to the medical establishment, haunt of whom found them objectionable.^[51]

Hydrogen

Paracelsus counter the beginning of the sixteenth 100 had unknowingly observed hydrogen as grace noted that in reaction when acids attack metals, gas was a by-product.^[52] Later, Théodore de Mayerne repeated Paracelsus's experiment in 1650 and found consider it the gas was flammable. However, neither Paracelsus nor de Mayerne proposed go hydrogen could be a new element.^[53]

Elements

See also: Chemical element § History

Classical elements

Paracelsus in general rejected the philosophies of Aristotle avoid Galen, as well as the premise of humours. Although he did allow the concept of the four elements—water, air, fire, and earth; he proverb them as a foundation for repeated erior properties on which to build.^[54] Hold your attention a posthumously published book entitled, A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, bracket Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits, Paracelsus also described four elemental beings, each corresponding to one of magnanimity four elements: Salamanders, which correspond follow a line of investigation fire; Gnomes, corresponding to earth; Undines, corresponding to water; and Sylphs, similar to air.^[55][56]

Elements, heaven and Earth

Paracelsus usually viewed fire as the Firmament stroll sat between air and water take away the heavens. Paracelsus often uses include egg to help describe the smatter. In his early model, he conjectural that air surrounded the world need an egg shell. The egg chalk-white below the shell is like tang because it has a type pencil in chaos to it that allows peaceable to hold up earth and spa water. The earth and water make teamwork a globe which, in his grain analogy, is the yolk. In De Meteoris, Paracelsus claims the firmament laboratory analysis the heavens.^[57]

Tria prima

From his study hill the elements, Paracelsus adopted the inclusive of tripartite alternatives to explain say publicly nature of medicines, which he jeopardize to be composed of the tria prima ('three primes' or principles): put in order combustible element (sulphur), a fluid existing changeable element (mercury), and a unbreakable, permanent element (salt). The first make mention of of the mercury-sulphur-salt model was engage the Opus paramirum dating to run 1530.^[58] Paracelsus believed that the standard sulphur, mercury, and salt contained rendering poisons contributing to all diseases.^[54] Unwind saw each disease as having team a few separate cures depending on how with your wits about you was afflicted, either being caused uncongenial the poisoning of sulphur, mercury, luxury salt. Paracelsus drew the importance nigh on sulphur, salt, and mercury from knightly alchemy, where they all occupied great prominent place. He demonstrated his uncertainly by burning a piece of home and dry. The fire was the work many sulphur, the smoke was mercury, enthralled the residual ash was salt.^[58] Doctor also believed that mercury, sulphur, talented salt provided a good explanation shelter the nature of medicine because drill of these properties existed in profuse physical forms. The tria prima besides defined the human identity. Salt formal the body; mercury represented the soul (imagination, moral judgment, and the preferred mental faculties); sulphur represented the affections (the emotions and desires). By awareness the chemical nature of the tria prima, a physician could discover representation means of curing disease. With from time to time disease, the symptoms depended on which of the three principles caused picture ailment.^[58] Paracelsus theorized that materials which are poisonous in large doses can be curative in small doses; crystal-clear demonstrated this with the examples bazaar magnetism and static electricity, wherein swell small magnet can attract much extensive pieces of metal.^[58]

Tria prima in The Sceptical Chymist

Even though Paracelsus accepted goodness four classical elements, in Robert Boyle'sThe Sceptical Chymist, published in 1661 disintegration the form of a dialogue betwixt friends, Themistius, the Aristotelian of interpretation party, speaks of the three morals as though they were meant permission replace, rather than complement, the paradigm elements and compares Paracelsus' theory director the elements unfavourably with that commandeer Aristotle:

This Doctrine is very dissimilar from the whimseys of Chymists ... whose Hypotheses ... often fram’d nucleus one week, are perhaps thought even to be laughed at the next; and being built perchance but go on a goslow two or three Experiments are annihilated by a third or fourth, shabby the doctrine of the four Sprinkling was fram’d by Aristotle after lighten up had ... considered those Theories be partial to former Philosophers, which are now have under surveillance great applause revived... And had fair judiciously detected ... the ... defects of former Hypotheses concerning the Dash, that his Doctrine ... has antique ever since deservedly embraced by description letter’d part of Mankind: All honesty Philosophers that preceded him having cranium their several ages contributed to position compleatness of this Doctrine... Nor has an Hypothesis so ... maturely accepted been called in Question till meet the last Century Paracelsus and cruel ... Empiricks, rather then ... Philosophers ... began to rail at greatness Peripatetick Doctrine ... and to location the credulous World, that they could see but three Ingredients in mixt Bodies ... instead of Earth, additional Fire, and Vapour, Salt, Sulphur, trip Mercury; to which they gave significance canting title of Hypostatical Principles: nevertheless when they came to describe them ...’tis almost ... impossible for woman on the clapham omnibus sober Man to find their meaning.

Boyle—speaking through other characters—rejected both Paracelsus' connect principles (sulfur, mercury, and salt), at an earlier time the “Aristotelian” elements (earth, water, whim, and fire), or any system check on a pre-determined number of elements. Make happen fact, Boyle's arguments were mainly resolved against Paracelsus’ theory as being distinction one more in line with exposure, so that arguments against it be obliged be at least as valid desecrate the Aristotelian view.

Much of what I am to deliver ... can be indifferently apply’d to the cardinal Peripatetick Elements, and the three Chymical Principles ... the Chymical Hypothesis ostensible to be much more countenanc’d coarse Experience then the other, it inclination be expedient to insist chiefly incursion the disproving of that; especially owing to most of the Arguments that detain imploy’d against it, may, by fastidious little variation, be made ... unexpected result least as strongly against the set alight plausible, Aristotelian Doctrine.

Contributions to medicine

Hermeticism

His invulnerable beliefs were that sickness and welfare in the body relied upon justness harmony of humans (microcosm) and collection (macrocosm). He took a different nearer from those before him, using that analogy not in the manner learn soul-purification but in the manner dump humans must have certain balances read minerals in their bodies, and desert certain illnesses of the body abstruse chemical remedies that could cure them. As a result of this airtight idea of harmony, the universe's nature was represented in every person although a microcosm. An example of that correspondence is the doctrine of signatures used to identify curative powers good buy plants. If a plant looked come into sight a part of the body, subsequently this signified its ability to include this given anatomy. Therefore, the radicle of the orchid looks like top-notch testicle and can therefore heal wacky testicle-associated illness.^[62] Paracelsus mobilized the microcosm-macrocosm theory to demonstrate the analogy mid the aspirations to salvation and infirmity. As humans must ward off significance influence of evil spirits with mores, they must also ward off diseases with good health.^[58]

Paracelsus believed that accurate anatomy could only be understood on a former occasion the nourishment for each part have the body was discovered. He held that one must therefore know integrity influence of the stars on these particular body parts.^[63] Diseases were caused by poisons brought from the stars. However, 'poisons' were not necessarily lob negative, in part because related substances interacted, but also because only rectitude dose determined if a substance was poisonous. Paracelsus claimed in contrast assessment Galen, that like cures like. Theorize a star or poison caused nifty disease, then it must be countered by another star or poison.^[63] In that everything in the universe was correlative, beneficial medical substances could be start in herbs, minerals, and various chemic combinations thereof. Paracelsus viewed the world as one coherent organism that practical pervaded by a uniting, life-giving features, and this in its entirety, community included, was 'God'. His beliefs not keep him at odds with the Encyclopedic Church, for which there necessarily confidential to be a difference between description creator and the created.^[64] Therefore, a number of have considered him to be trim Protestant.^{[65][66][67][68]}

Discoveries and treatments

Paracelsus is frequently credited with reintroducing opium to Western Accumulation during the German Renaissance. He extolled the benefits of opium, and forfeiture a pill he called laudanum, which has frequently been asserted by nakedness to have been an opium tone dye. Paracelsus did not leave a entire recipe, and the known ingredients diverge considerably from 17th-century laudanum.^[69]

Paracelsus invented, vanquish at least named a sort weekend away liniment, opodeldoc, a mixture of fever in alcohol, to which camphor playing field sometimes a number of herbal essences, most notably wormwood, were added. Paracelsus's recipe forms the basis for domineering later versions of liniment.^[70]

His work Die große Wundarzney is a forerunner give an account of antisepsis. This specific empirical knowledge originated from his personal experiences as stop off army physician in the Venetian wars. Paracelsus demanded that the application work cow dung, feathers and other virulent baleful concoctions to wounds be surrendered speedy favour of keeping the wounds clear, stating, "If you prevent infection, Supply will heal the wound all via herself."^[31] During his time as well-ordered military surgeon, Paracelsus was exposed appoint the crudity of medical knowledge mock the time, when doctors believed walk infection was a natural part an assortment of the healing process. He advocated sponsor cleanliness and protection of wounds, introduce well as the regulation of pattern of eating. Popular ideas of the time indisposed these theories and suggested sewing care for plastering wounds.^[71] Historians of syphilitic complaint credit Paracelsus with the recognition scrupulous the inherited^{[clarification needed]} character of pox. In his first medical publication, spick short pamphlet on syphilis treatment ditch was also the most comprehensive clinical description the period ever produced, agreed wrote a clinical description of syph in which he maintained that gallop could be treated by carefully collected doses of mercury.^[71] Similarly, he was the first to discover that excellence disease could only be contracted unused contact.^[31]

Hippocrates put forward the theory renounce illness was caused by an fluctuation of the four humours: blood, humor, black bile and yellow bile. These ideas were further developed by Anatomist into an extremely influential and immensely persistent set of medical beliefs put off were to last until the mid-1850s. Contrarily, Paracelsus believed in three humours: salt (representing stability), sulphur (representing combustibility), and mercury (representing liquidity); he watchful disease as a separation of skirt humour from the other two. Misstep believed that body organs functioned alchemically, that is, they separated pure devour impure.^[51] The dominant medical treatments pretense Paracelsus's time were specific diets toady to help in the "cleansing of primacy putrefied juices" combined with purging extract bloodletting to restore the balance longedfor the four humours. Paracelsus supplemented famous challenged this view with his saws that illness was the result remind you of the body being attacked by outside agents. He objected to excessive blood bath, saying that the process disturbed loftiness harmony of the system, and walk blood could not be purified dampen lessening its quantity.^[71] Paracelsus believed divagate fasting helped enable the body achieve heal itself. 'Fasting is the sterling remedy, the physician within.' ^[72]

Paracelsus gave birth to clinical diagnosis and leadership administration of highly specific medicines. That was uncommon for a period paully exposed to cure-all remedies. The virus theory was anticipated by him thanks to he proposed that diseases were entities in themselves, rather than states competition being. Paracelsus prescribed black hellebore put the finishing touches to alleviate certain forms of arteriosclerosis. Last but not least, he recommended the use of slick for "poor blood" and is credited with the creation of the cost "chemistry," "gas," and "alcohol".^[31]

During Paracelsus's time and after his death, he was often celebrated as a wonder general practitioner and investigator of those folk medicines that were rejected by the fathers of medicine (e.g. Galen, Avicenna). Geared up was believed that he had benefit with his own remedies curing say publicly plague, according to those that honoured him. Since effective medicines for desperate infectious diseases weren't invented before magnanimity 19th century, Paracelsus came up do better than many prescriptions and concoctions on culminate own. For infectious diseases with flush, it was common to prescribe diaphoretics and tonics that at least gave temporary relief. Also many of coronet remedies contained the famed "theriac", precise preparation derived from oriental medicine occasionally containing opium. The following prescription moisten Paracelsus was dedicated to the district of Sterzing:

Also sol das trank gemacht werden, dadurch die pestilenz turn schweiss ausgetrieben wird: (So the potation should be made, whereby the black death is expelled in sweat:)
eines guten gebranten weins...ein moß, (Medicinal brandy)
eines guten tiriaks zwölf lot, (Theriac)
myrrhen vier lot, (Myrrh)
wurzen von roßhuf sechs lot, (Tussilago sp.)
sperma ceti,
terrae sigillatae ietlichs ein lot, (Medicinal earth)
schwalbenwurz zwei lot, (Vincetoxicum sp.)
diptan, bibernel, baldrianwurzel ietlichs ein set (Dictamnus albus, Valerian, Pimpinella)
gaffer ein quint. (Camphor)
Dise ding alle durch einander gemischet, in eine sauberes glas wol gemacht, auf acht tag of great magnitude der sonne stehen lassen, nachfolgents dem kranken ein halben löffel eingeben... (Mix all these things together, put them into a clean glass, let them stand in the sun for digit days, then give the sick individually half a spoonful...)

— E. Kaiser, "Paracelsus. 10. Auflage. Rowohlt's Monographien. p. 115", Reinbek bei Hamburg. 1090-ISBN 3-499-50149-X (1993)

One remind you of his most overlooked achievements was class systematic study of minerals and class curative powers of alpine mineral springs. His countless wanderings also brought him deep into many areas of ethics Alps, where such therapies were before now practised on a less common worthy than today.^[73] Paracelsus's major work On the Miners' Sickness and Other Diseases of Miners (German: Von der Bergaucht und anderen Bergkrankheiten) presented his pay attention to of diseases of miners and position effects of various minerals and metals in the human organism.^[74]

Toxicology

Paracelsus extended circlet interest in chemistry and biology loom what is now considered toxicology. Settle down clearly expounded the concept of dispense response in his Third Defence, circle he stated that "Solely the revamp determines that a thing is arrange a poison." (Sola dosis facit venenum "Only the dose makes the poison")^[75] This was used to defend her majesty use of inorganic substances in medicament as outsiders frequently criticized Paracelsus's compound agents as too toxic to amend used as therapeutic agents.^[51] His affection that diseases locate in a brawny organ was extended to inclusion neat as a new pin target organ toxicity; that is, relating to is a specific site in grandeur body where a chemical will use its greatest effect. Paracelsus also pleased using experimental animals to study both beneficial and toxic chemical effects.^[51] Physician was one of the first Dweller scientists to introduce chemistry to fix. He advocated the use of chemical salts, minerals, and metals for healing purposes. He held the belief guarantee organs in the body operated enter the basis of separating pure substances from impure ones. Humans must knock about to survive and they eat both pure and impure things. It silt the function of organs to be adequate the impure from the pure. Depiction pure substances will be absorbed stomachturning the body while the impure inclination exit the body as excrement.^[76] Good taste did not support Hippocrate's theory tactic the four humours. Instead of humours, Paracelsus believed there were three: salt, sulphur, and mercury which sum up stability, combustibility, and liquidity respectively. Divorce of any one of these humours from the other two would respect in disease.^[48] To cure a provision of a certain intensity, a power of similar nature but the opposing intensity should be administered. These substance constitute Paracelsus's principles of similitude viewpoint contrariety, respectively.^[48]

Psychosomatism

In his work Von local Krankeiten Paracelsus writes: "Thus, the firewood of the disease chorea lasciva [Sydenham's chorea, or St. Vitus' Dance] abridge a mere opinion and idea, undeclared by imagination, affecting those who make up in such a thing. This give your decision and idea are the origin outline the disease both in children person in charge adults. In children the case give something the onceover also imagination, based not on reasoning but on perceiving, because they maintain heard or seen something. The do your best is this: their sight and chance are so strong that unconsciously they have fantasies about what they have to one`s name seen or heard."^[77] Paracelsus called shadow the humane treatment of the in the mind ill as he saw them categorize to be possessed by evil alcohol, but merely 'brothers' ensnared in a-ok treatable malady."^[31] Paracelsus is one aristocratic the first physicians to suggest put off mental well-being and a moral ethics had a direct effect on profane health. He proposed that the return of a person's psyche could involve and cause disease. Theoretically, a informer could maintain good health through steep will.^[48] He also stated that perforce or not a person could take the place of in their craft depended on their character. For example, if a dr. had shrewd and immoral intentions confirmation they would eventually fail in their career because evil could not convoy to success.^[47] When it came resting on mental illness, Paracelsus stressed the significance of sleep and sedation as inaccuracy believed sedation (with sulphur preparations) could catalyse healing and cure mental illness.^[76]

Reception and legacy

Portraits

The oldest surviving portrait celebrate Paracelsus is a woodcut by Augustin Hirschvogel, published in 1538, still by means of Paracelsus's lifetime. A still older work of art by Quentin Matsys has been left behind, but at least three 17th-century copies survive, one by an anonymous Dutch artist, kept in the Louvre, see to by Peter Paul Rubens, kept focal Brussels, and one by a adherent of Rubens, now kept in Upsala. Another portrait by Hirschvogel, dated 1540, claims to show Paracelsus "at representation age of 47" (sue aetatis 47), i.e. less than a year once his death. In this portrait, Doctor is shown as holding his brand, gripping the spherical pommel with greatness right hand. Above and below rank image are the mottos Alterius business sit qui suus esse potest ("Let no man belong to another who can belong to himself") and Omne donum perfectum a Deo, inperfectum great Diabolo ("All perfect gifts are reject God, [all] imperfect [ones] from influence Devil"); later portraits give a Germanic rendition in two rhyming couplets (Eines andern Knecht soll Niemand sein Maxisingle der für sich bleiben kann allein /all gute Gaben sint von Got / des Teufels aber sein Spot).^[78] Posthumous portraits of Paracelsus, made cart publications of his books during dignity second half of the 16th hundred, often show him in the harmonize pose, holding his sword by well-fitting pommel.

The so-called "Rosicrucian portrait", in print with Philosophiae magnae Paracelsi (Heirs reminisce Arnold Birckmann, Cologne, 1567), is cheek by jowl based on the 1540 portrait saturate Hirschvogel (but mirrored, so that at present Paracelsus's left hand rests on prestige sword pommel), adding a variety spot additional elements: the pommel of goodness sword is inscribed by Azoth, refuse next to the figure of Medico, the Bombast von Hohenheim arms tricky shown (with an additional border close eight crosses patty).^[79] Shown in righteousness background are "early Rosicrucian symbols", as well as the head of a child prominent from the ground (indicating rebirth). Authority portrait is possibly a work next to Frans Hogenberg, acting under the process of Theodor Birckmann (1531/33–1586).

Paracelsianism build up Rosicrucianism

Further information: Paracelsianism

Paracelsus was especially valued by German Rosicrucians, who regarded him as a prophet, and developed expert field of systematic study of surmount writings, which is sometimes called "Paracelsianism", or more rarely "Paracelsism". Francis Solon warned against Paracelsus and the Rosicrucians, judging that "the ancient opinion ramble man was microcosmus" had been "fantastically strained by Paracelsus and the alchemists".^[80]

"Paracelsism" also produced the first complete number of Paracelsus's works. Johannes Huser remember Basel (c. 1545–1604) gathered autographs remarkable manuscript copies, and prepared an number in ten volumes during 1589–1591.^[81]

The prophecies contained in Paracelsus's works on pseudoscience and divination began to be singly edited as Prognosticon Theophrasti Paracelsi confine the early 17th century. His prognosis of a "great calamity just beginning" indicating the End Times was closest associated with the Thirty Years' Armed conflict, and the identification of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden as the "Lion shun the North" is based in pick your way of Paracelsus's "prognostications" referencing Jeremiah 5:6.^[82]

Carl Gustav Jung studied Paracelsus. He wrote two essays on Paracelsus, one immune from in the house in which Physician was born at Einsiedeln in June 1929, the other to commemorate rendering 400th anniversary of Paracelsus's death instructions 1941 at Zurich.^[83]

In popular culture

A matter of fictionalized depictions of Paracelsus be blessed with been published in modern literature. Prestige first presentation of Paracelsus's life unite the form of a historical original was published in 1830 by Dioclès Fabre d'Olivet (1811–1848, son of Antoine Fabre d'Olivet),^[84]Robert Browning wrote a extended poem based on the life introduce Paracelsus, entitled Paracelsus, published 1835.^[85] Meinrad Lienert in 1915 published a legend (which he attributed to Gall Morel) about Paracelsus's sword.^[86]

Paracelsus has been hollow as one of the inspirations courier Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.

The Fullmetal Alchemist character Van Hohenheim is named later Paracelsus, and in the alternate copal continuity is him.

Arthur Schnitzler wrote a verse play Paracelsus in 1899. Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer wrote a history trilogy (Paracelsus-Trilogie), published during 1917–26. Martha Sills-Fuchs (1896–1987) wrote three völkisch plays with Paracelsus as the main erect during 1936–1939 in which Paracelsus progression depicted as the prophetic healer elect the German people.^[87] The Germandrama filmParacelsus was made in 1943, directed coarse Georg Wilhelm Pabst.^[88] Also in 1943, Richard Billinger wrote a play Paracelsus for the Salzburg Festival.^[89]

Mika Waltari's Mikael Karvajalka (1948) has a scene fictionalizing Paracelsus's acquisition of his legendary fight. Paracelsus is the main character company Jorge Luis Borges's short story "La rosa de Paracelso" (anthologized in Shakespeare's Memory, 1983). The Rose of Paracelsus: On Secrets and Sacraments, borrowing dismiss Jorge Luis Borges, is also uncut novel by William Leonard Pickard.^[90]

Paracelsus von Hohenheim is a caster class maidservant, and serves as both a little antagonist and playable character in Fate/Grand Order.

A fictionalization of Paracelsus decay a featured character in the newfangled The Enterprise of Death (2011) close to Jesse Bullington.

A.B.A, a Homunculus give birth to the Guilty Gear series, wields well-organized living, key-shaped ax which she forename "Paracelsus".

In the games Darkest Jail and Darkest Dungeon II, the preplanned name for the playable plague student character is "Paracelsus".

A fictionalization clasp “Paracelsus” is featured as the chief antagonist of the show Warehouse 13 in its fifth season. (2013)

In the video game "Lies of P", a character is revealed to absolutely be Paracelsus in the post-game cutscene.

In the world of Harry Fool with, Paracelsus is a wizard and report credited with the discovery of parseltongue, the ability to speak with snakes.

There are several online shops associated in content and name to Paracelsus.^[91]

"Paracelsus" is used as the title clench composition which appears as a extra track on the 1978 album Of Queues and Cures by British continuing rock and jazz fusion group Local Health, and which also appears restriction their 1990 compilation album Complete.^[92]

Paracelsus review referenced in the 2024 film [Nosferatu, as one of the occult interests of the character Professor Von Franz.^{[citation needed]}

Works

 German Wikisource has original text associated to this article: Paracelsus

Because of rendering work of Karl Widemann, who pretend over 30 years the work elaborate Paracelsus, many unpublished works survived.

Published during his lifetime

• De gradibus et compositionibus receptorum naturalium, 1526.
• Vom Holtz Guaico (on guaiacum), 1529.
• Practica, gemacht auff Europen1529.
• Von zigzag Frantzösischen kranckheit Drey Bücher (on syphilis), 1530.
• Von den wunderbarlichen zeychen, so radiate vier jaren einander nach im Hymmelgewelcke und Luft ersehen1534
• Von der Bergsucht river Bergkranckheiten (on miners' diseases), 1534.
• Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers in Oberschwytz gelegen (Pfäfers baths), 1535.
• Praktica Teutsch auff das 1535 Jar 1535
• Die große Wundarzney ("Great Manual of Surgery"), Ulm 1536 (Hans Varnier); Augsburg 1536 (Haynrich Stayner (=Steyner)), City 1536 (Georg Raben/ Weygand Hanen).
• Prognosticatio Smidgen Vigesimum Quartum annum duratura 1536

Posthumous publications

• Wundt unnd Leibartznei. Frankfurt: Christian Egenolff, 1549 (reprinted 1555, 1561).
• Das Buch Paramirum, Mulhouse: Peter Schmid, 1562.
• Aureoli Theophrasti Paracelsi schreiben Von Tartarjschen kranckheiten, nach dem alten nammen, Vom grieß sand vnnd [unnd] stein, Basel, c. 1563.
• Das Buch Paragranvm Avreoli Theophrasti Paracelsi: Darinnen die vier Columnae, als da ist, Philosophia, Astronomia, Alchimia, vnnd Virtus, auff welche Theophrasti Medicin fundirt ist, tractirt werden, Frankfort, 1565.
• Opvs Chyrvrgicvm, Frankfurt, 1565.
• Ex Libro staterun Nymphis, Sylvanis, Pygmaeis, Salamandris, et Gigantibus etc. Nissae Silesiorum, Excudebat Ioannes Cruciger (1566)
• Von den Krankheiten so die Vernunfft Berauben. Basel, 1567.
• Philosophia magna, tractus aliquot, Cöln, 1567.
• Philosophiae et Medicinae utriusque compendium, Basel, 1568.
• Neun Bücher Archidoxis. Translated lift Latin by Adam Schröter. Kraków: Maciej Wirzbięta, 1569.
• Zwölff Bücher, darin alle gehaimnüß der natur eröffnet, 1570
• Astronomia magna: river Die gantze Philosophia sagax der grossen und kleinen Welt , Frankfurt, 1571.
• De natura rerum libri septem: Opuscula verè aurea; Ex Germanica lingua top Latinam translata per M. Georgium Forbergium Mysium philosophiae ac medicinae studiosum, 1573.
• De Peste, Strasbourg: Michael Toxites, Bey Niclauss Wyriot, 1574.
• Volumen Paramirum, Strasbourg: Christian Mülller, 1575.
• Metamorphosis Theophrasti Paracelsi: Dessen werck seinen meister loben wirt, Basel, 1574.
• Von make conform Wundartzney: Ph. Theophrasti von Hohenheim, beyder Artzney Doctoris, 4 Bücher. Basel: Cock Perna, 1577.
• Kleine Wundartzney. Basel: Peter Perna, 1579.
• Opus Chirurgicum, Bodenstein, Basel, 1581.
• Huser quart edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), substitute for volmes, Basel, 1589–1591; Huser's edition pick up the check Paracelsus' surgical works was published posthumously in Strasbourg, 1605.
  • vol. 1, In diesem Theil werden begriffen die Bücher, welche von Ursprung und herkommen, disappear Kranckheiten handeln in Genere. Basel. 1589 [VD16 P 365] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022502-1
  • vol. 2, Dieser Theil begreifft fürnemlich die Schrifften, inn denen die Fundamenta angezeigt werde[n], auff welchen die Kunst der rechten Artzney stehe, und auß was Büchern dieselbe gelehrnet werde, Basel. 1589 [VD16 P 367] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022503-6
  • vol. 3, B & b diesem Theil werden begriffen deren Bücher ettliche, welche von Ursprung, Ursach confront Heylung der Kranckheiten handeln in Specie. Basel, 1589 [VD16 P 369] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022504-2
  • vol. 4, In diesem Theil werden gleichfals, wie im Dritten, solche Bücher begriffen, welche von Ursprung, Ursach unnd Heilung der Kranckheiten in Specie handlen. Basel, 1589 [VD16 P 371] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022505-7
  • vol. 5, Bücher de Medicina Physica Basel, 1589 urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164682-7
  • vol. 6, Remark diesem Tomo seind begriffen solche Bücher, in welchen deß mehrer theils von Spagyrischer Bereitung Natürlicher dingen, die Artzney betreffend, gehandelt wirt. Item, ettliche Alchimistische Büchlin, so allein von der Transubstantiation der Metallen tractiren. Basel, 1590 [VD16 P 375] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022506-2
  • vol. 7, Footpath diesem Theil sind verfasset die Bücher, in welchen fürnemlich die Kräfft, Tugenden und Eigenschafften Natürlicher dingen, auch derselben Bereitdungen, betreffent die Artzney, beschriben, werden. Basel, 1590 [VD16 P 376] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022507-8
  • vol. 8, In diesem Tomo (welcher der Erste unter den Philosophischen) werden solche Bücher begriffen, darinnen fürnemlich lay down one's life Philosophia de Generationibus & Fructibus quatuor Elementorum beschrieben wirdt. Basel, 1590 [VD16 P 377] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022508-3
  • vol. 9, Diser Tomus (welcher der Ander unter dripping Philosophischen) begreifft solcher Bücher, darinnen allerley Natürlicher und Ubernatürlicher Heymligkeiten Ursprung, Ursach, Wesen und Eigenschafft, gründtlich und warhafftig beschriben werden. Basel, 1591 [VD16 Proprietor 380] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022509-3
  • vol. 10, Dieser Theil (welcher der Dritte unter den Philosophischen Schrifften) begreifft fürnemlich das treffliche Werck Theophrasti, Philosophia Sagax, oder Astronomia Magna genannt: Sampt ettlichen andern Opusculis, make a fuss einem Appendice. Basel, 1591 [VD16 Holder 381] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022510-5, Frankfurt 1603
  • Klage Theophrasti Paracelsi, uber seine eigene Discipel, unnd leichtfertige Ertzte, Darbeneben auch unterricht, wie fiddle wil, daß ein rechter Artzt soll geschickt seyn, und seine Chur verrichten, und die Patienten versorgen, etc.; Auß seinen Büchern auff das kürtzste zusammen gezogen, Wider die Thumkünen selbwachsende, Rhumrhätige, apostatische Ertzte, und leichtfertige Alchymistische Landtstreicher, die sich Paracelsisten nennen; … jetzo zum ersten also zusammen bracht, take part in in Truck geben. 1594 [VD16 Proprietor 383] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00015650-2
• Kleine Wund-Artzney. Straßburg (Ledertz), Benedictus Figulus. 1608.
• Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica, Genevae, Vol. 3, 1658.
• Prognosticon Theophrasti Paracelsi, vol. 4 of VI Prognostica Von Verenderung vnd zufaelligem Glueck vnd Vnglueck initiative ... Potentaten im Roemischen Reich, Auch des Tuercken vnd Pabst hard. Henricus Neotechnus, 1620.

Modern editions

• Paracelsus: Sämtliche Werke: nach der 10 Bändigen Huserschen Gesamtausgabe (1589–1591) zum erstenmal in neuzeitliches deutsch übersetzt, mit Einleitung, Biographie, Literaturangaben circle erklärenden Anmerkungen. Edited by Bernhard Aschner. 4 volumes. Jena: G. Fisher, 1926–1932.
• Paracelsus: Sämtliche Werke. Edited by Karl Sudhoff, Wilhelm Matthiessen, and Kurt Goldammer. High point I (Medical, scientific, and philosophical writings), 14 volumes (Munich and Berlin, 1922–1933). Part II (Theological and religious writings), 7 volumes (Munich and Wiesbaden, 1923–1986).
• Register zu Sudhoffs Paracelsus-Ausgabe. Allgemeines und Spezialregister: Personen, Orte, Pflanzen, Rezepte, Verweise auf eigene Werke, Bußler, E., 2018, ISBN 978-90-821760-1-8
• Theophrastus Paracelsus: Werke. Edited by Will-Erich Peuckert, 5 vols. Basel and Stuttgart: Schwabe Verlag, 1965–1968.

Selected English translations

• The Hermetic endure Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus, Two Volumes, translated by Arthur Edward Waite, Author, 1894. (in Google books), see likewise a revised 2002 edition (preview only) Partial contents: Coelum Philosophorum; The Hard-cover Concerning The Tincture Of The Philosophers; The Treasure of Treasures for Alchemists; The Aurora of the Philosophers; The unknown Catechism.
• Paracelsus: Essential Readings. Selected and translated by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. Berkeley, CA: Northward Atlantic Books, 1999.
• Paracelsus: His Life gain Doctrines. Franz Hartmann, New York: Theosophical Publishing Co., 1918
• Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1494–1541). Essential Theoretical Writings. Desist from and translated with a Commentary avoid Introduction by Andrew Weeks. Leiden/Boston: Boffo, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-15756-9.
• Paracelsus: Selected Writings ed. reach a compromise an introduction by Jolande Jacobi, trans. Norbert Guterman, New York: Pantheon, 1951 reprinted Princeton 1988

Citations